Its tool or ‘needle’ can be used for stippling or in ‘crayon’ manner, as a mechanical method other than burin or mezzotint.
It is a very specific process, which must not be confused with etched-steel printing, which bears P10.Ĭ2 – Burin (graver or gouge) engraving, notably on copper This takes into account the fact that fewer artists use copper today than other metal supports, and that zinc and other metals are commonly worked with the burin, a traditional tool whose mark on the plate is easily recognisable.Ĭ3 – Etching This term describes the widely-used scratched hard-ground etching, and is meant to cover also direct brush or pen etching.Ĭ4 – Drypoint This form of engraving is easily recognised by the ‘burr’ on printed lines. The word ’embossing’ was added in the English version, as it is a commonly used term.Ĭ1 – Steel engraving Remains as it was in the 1958 list. Relief – The ink is deposited from the reliefs of the plateįlatbed/stencil/electronic – The ink is deposited from the flat surface of the plate, through a stencil or screen, or electronicallyĬ – Intaglio printing (blank) embossing. Intaglio – The ink is deposited from the grooves of the plate – the list differentiates between original and reproductive processes, as this is an important factor for collectors.Ī basic subdivision enables even relatively uninformed collectors to observe an ex-libris and determine in which of the three categories it belongs: the list does not include obscure and rarely used techniques, but remains generic, with the flexibility to be adapted perhaps again at a future date. abbreviations for non-printmaking techniques (drawing, pastel, etc.), or for styles (‘heraldic’, ‘calligraphic’, etc.) were excluded. – the list is limited to symbols for techniques used in printed ex-libris – i.e. No major corrections of inscriptions in existing collections should be necessary. – unnecessary changes were avoided as they would render earlier references invalid and thus create confusion. The list was prepared on the basis of the following principles: However, a major revision was needed.Ī revised list, given below, was adopted at the XXIX Congress, Frederikshavn DK, in August 2002. The first list of symbols of techniques used in creating and printing ex-libris was adopted in 1958 at the Barcelona Congress of FISAE.
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